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World's First Dedicated Education Satelite
Today (September 20, 2004), India's Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, GSLV successfully launched EDUSAT the country's first thematic satellite dedicated exclusively for educational services, into a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR (SDSC SHAR), Sriharikota. This is the first operational flight of GSLV (GSLV-F01) and the third in the GSLV series. EDUSAT is now orbiting the Earth in GTO with a perigee (nearest point to Earth) of 180 km and an apogee (farthest point to Earth) of 35,985 km with an orbital inclination of 19.2 deg with respect to the equator. The orbital period now is 10.5 hours.
The 414 tonne, 49 m tall GSLV, carrying the 1950 kg EDUSAT, lifted off from Sriharikota at 4:01 pm. About seventeen minutes after lift off, EDUSAT was successfully placed in GTO. At 4.8 seconds before the countdown reached zero, the four liquid propellant strap-on stages, each carrying 40 tonne of hypergolic liquid propellants (UH25 and N2O4), were ignited. At count zero and after confirming the normal performance of all the four strap-on motors, the mammoth 138 tonne solid propellant first stage core motor was ignited and GSLV blazed into the sky. The major phases of the flight included the first stage burn-out at 104 seconds, the strap on burn-out at 150 seconds, ignition of the second stage at 150 seconds, heat shield separation at an altitude of 115 km and 227 seconds into the flight, second stage burn-out at 288 seconds, ignition of the 12.5 tonne cryogenic stage at 304 seconds and its shut down at 999 seconds after attaining the required velocity of 10.2 km per second.
EDUSAT was put into orbit at 1014 seconds about 5000 km away from Sriharikota. The separated cryogenic stage was subsequently reoriented and passivated.
Solar Array Deployment
Soon after its injection into to GTO, the two solar arrays of EDUSAT were automatically deployed. The deployment of the arrays as well as the general health of the satellite were monitored by the ground station of the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command network (ISTRAC) located in the Indonesian island of Biak. The Master Control Facility (MCF) at Hassan in Karnataka has since taken control of EDUSAT for all its post launch operations. Ground stations at Lake Cowichan (Canada), Fucino (Italy) and Beijing (China) are supporting MCF in monitoring the health of the satellite and its orbit raising operations.
In the coming days, EDUSAT's orbit will be raised from its present elliptical GTO to the final Geostationary Orbit (GSO) by firing the satellite's Liquid Apogee Motor (LAM) in stages. The satellite will be commissioned into service after the completion of orbit raising operations, checking out all its transponders and positioning it in its designated orbital slot of 74 degree East longitude in the GSO. There, it will be co-located with KALPANA-1 and INSAT-3C.
EDUSAT carries five Ku-band transponders providing spot beams, one Ku-band transponder providing a national beam and six External C-band transponders with national coverage beams. It will join the INSAT system that has already got more than 130 transponders in C-band, Extended C-band and Ku-band providing a variety of telecommunication and television broadcasting services.
GSLV was declared operational after its successful developmental test flights conducted in April 2001 and May 2003. The vehicle was designed and developed by Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram. The inertial systems for the vehicle were developed by the ISRO Inertial Systems Unit at Thiruvananthapuram. The Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) also at Thiruvananthapuram developed the Liquid propulsion stages for the Strap-ons and the second stage of GSLV as well as the reaction control systems. While the Russian supplied cryogenic stage is used for third stage propulsion, the guidance and control of the stage has been implemented by ISRO. Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR is the launch centre for all the launch vehicles of ISRO. ISTRAC provides Telemetry, Tracking and Command support.
EDUSAT was developed by ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore. The payloads were developed by Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad. Master Control Facility at Hassan is responsible for all post launch operations of the satellite.
The successful launch of EDUSAT by the first operational flight of GSLV further demonstrates its reliability and the end-to-end capability of the country to establish space systems to undertake large-scale application programmes for the benefit of the society.
Posted by: Mukul Agrawal on September 21, 2004 01:44 AM Something Simmilar to Our Tronics Forum !
IIT-K Electronics Club
INTRODUCTION TO PARTICLE PHYSICS:
Intro to Particle Phy
Black holes turned 'inside out'
By Dr David Whitehouse
BBC News Online science editor
Stephen Hawking has put forward a new theory that changes the way scientists view black holes, saying he was wrong about them in the past.
The physicist told a conference on gravitation in Dublin that he has revised his belief that black holes destroy everything that falls on them.
He now believes that black holes may allow information to get out.
His new research could even help solve the "black hole information paradox", a crucial puzzle for modern physics.
He spoke to a packed lecture hall at the 17th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, giving his new views in a presentation entitled, "The Information Paradox for black holes".
He is revising his 1975 theory that is regarded as the most astonishing breakthrough in black hole studies.
A black hole is an object from which once inside it is not possible to escape. Its boundary is called its "event horizon".
But now Hawking believes that it might not be a one-way trip after all.
I have been thinking about this problem for 30 years, but I now have an answer to it
Stephen Hawking
Gary Gibbons, a physicist at Cambridge University, said Hawking's newly defined black holes did not have a well-delineated event horizon that hid everything in them from the outside world.
Kip Thorne, a leading cosmologist from the California Institute of Technology said of Hawking's new idea, "This looks to me on the face of it to be a lovely argument, but I haven't yet seen all the details".
No escape, no hair
In 1975, Hawking calculated that once a black hole forms, it radiates energy and starts losing mass by giving off "Hawking radiation".
Scientists were astounded because Hawking's work on a mathematical description of the ever-shrinking black hole forged a link between gravity and entropy - a measure of how energy changes from one form to another.
It was said that black holes had no hair, meaning that it did not matter what came together to make them.
All a black hole had was mass, charge, and spin. There was no information about matter inside the black hole, and once the hole disappeared, all the information went with it.
"It used to be thought that once something had fallen into a black hole it was gone and lost forever and the only information that remained was its mass and spin," the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge told the BBC.
"The Hawking radiation seemed to be random and featureless so it appeared that all information about what fell into a black hole was lost."
But this runs contrary to the laws of quantum physics, which describe the behaviour of the Universe at the smallest scales. These dictate that information can never be completely lost.
Whether information is or is not lost has practical and philosophical consequences.
"We could never be certain of the past or predict the future precisely. A lot of people therefore wanted to believe that information could escape from a black hole but they didn't know how it could get out," he said.
Losing bet
For years, the physicist argued that the extreme gravitational fields of black holes somehow overturned the quantum laws. Now, he has dropped this idea.
Professor Hawking's new black holes never completely destroy everything that falls in. Instead, they continue to emit radiation for extended periods, and eventually open up to reveal the information within them.
"I have been thinking about this problem for 30 years, but I now have an answer to it," he explained.
"The black hole only appears to form but later opens up and releases information about what fell in, so we can be sure of the past and we can predict the future."
Hawking's latest theory seems to rule out using black holes as time machines or as gateways to other universes.
"I am sorry to disappoint science fiction fans. But if you jump into a black hole, your mass energy will be returned to our universe but in a mangled form," he said.
The U-turn cost Professor Hawking a reference book called "Total Baseball." He and Kip Thorne made a bet on the subject with an opponent of the idea, John Preskill, also of Caltech.
Just before he handed over the book Hawking said, "I had great difficulty in finding one over here, so I offered him an encyclopaedia of cricket as an alternative, but John wouldn't be persuaded of the superiority of cricket".
Later, Preskill said he was very pleased to have won the bet but added, "I'll be honest, I didn't understand the talk." He said he was looking forward to reading the detailed paper that Hawking is expected to publish next month.
Story from BBC NEWS:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/science/nature/3913145.stm
Published: 2004/07/22 10:23:17 GMT
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Online ECE courses from different universities: Check this out
Cornell University Free E-Print Collection
For those who donot have access to journals like IEEE, Nature, Science Physical Review Letters, Physical Review-B etc you can go to arxiv.org e-print archieve. Lots of pre-published prints of top-standard papers are archieved here for academic purposes.
ArXiv is an e-print service in the fields of physics, mathematics, non-linear science, computer science, and quantitative biology. The contents of arXiv conform to Cornell University academic standards. arXiv is owned, operated and funded by Cornell University, a private not-for-profit educational institution. ArXiv is also partially funded by the National Science Foundation.
Posted by: Mukul Agrawal on June 8, 2004 12:22 AMGravity Probe-B Launches Into Orbit
After 43 years and the work of thousands of hands, Gravity Probe B successfully made its way into orbit yesterday morning, to the applause of several hundred observers in Cubberley Auditorium.
The $700 million experiment, designed to test Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity, launched at 9:57 a.m. after the first launch attempt was scrubbed the day before.
As of press time, everything was functioning normally on the spacecraft, which survived the launch, the riskiest stage of its 43-year odyssey from conception to measurement.
“I’m the happiest I’ve been since my son was born 15 years ago,” said Michael Simon, a software engineer with Lockheed Martin who has been working on the project for six years.
David Hipkins, who works on the suspension system, brought his two daughters, ages two and five, to the launch broadcast to celebrate the project he’s been working on for 11 years.
“They’ve been saying 5-4-3-2-1 blastoff for two weeks,” he said.
Hipkins said it was hard to describe what it felt like to finally send the rocket into orbit.
“It’s emotional and a thrill,” he said.
More observers came yesterday than watched the failed launch on Monday, even though it was by then a day behind schedule.
“I was just as nervous as yesterday, just as excited,” said Jennifer Bower, a first year mechanical engineering graduate student who is working on the project.
The probe will not begin its measurements for another 40 to 60 days while it undergoes calibration. Then it will begin to make precise measurements of the space around the Earth over the probe’s one-year lifespan, trying to sense two effects predicted by Albert Einstein.
One effect, called the geodetic effect, has to do with how mass bends space like a bowling ball on a bed sheet. Though this occurs with every object, the effect can only be measured for massive objects like the Earth. One might expect that the circumference around the Earth would be two-pi multiplied by the radius; however, the circumference is actually one inch shorter due to gravity. The probe will measure this distance, and it will examine that “missing inch” 100 times more accurately than previous experiments.
The probe will also measure a process called frame-dragging where the rotation of the Earth moves the space around it. This effect has never been directly measured.
In order to make these measurements, the probe needs extremely precise equipment, much of which did not exist when it was first conceived at Stanford in 1959.
At the heart of the probe are four ping-pong-ball-sized glass spheres coated in the metal niobium. These spheres spin in cavities with .001 inches between them and the walls, acting as near-perfect gyroscopes. Once spinning, the spheres will continue spinning the same way, allowing them to be used as accurate measures of time and space.
To make measurements with enough precision, these gyroscopes
Managing loss in high-speed PCBs
An excellent article by EE Times titled "Managing loss in high-speed PCBs". Follow the link:
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